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Linux

Linux ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ช…๋ น์–ด - ls

by Soono991 2023. 4. 2.

๐Ÿ’ก์ด๋ฒˆ ํฌ์ŠคํŒ…์—์„œ๋Š” linux์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ช…๋ น์–ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ls์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

ls๋Š” LiSt์˜ ์•ฝ์ž๋กœ directory์˜ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ directory์˜ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์™”๋˜ ์˜ต์…˜ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ต์…˜๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹นํ™ฉํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ „๋ถ€ ๋‹ค ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์ง„ ์•Š๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ต์…˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

user@ubuntu:~/test$ ls --help
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
  -a, --all                  do not ignore entries starting with .
  -A, --almost-all           do not list implied . and ..
      --author               with -l, print the author of each file
  -b, --escape               print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
      --block-size=SIZE      with -l, scale sizes by SIZE when printing them;
                               e.g., '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below
  -B, --ignore-backups       do not list implied entries ending with ~
  -c                         with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
                               modification of file status information);
                               with -l: show ctime and sort by name;
                               otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
  -C                         list entries by columns
      --color[=WHEN]         colorize the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default
                               if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'; more info below
  -d, --directory            list directories themselves, not their contents
  -D, --dired                generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
  -f                         do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
  -F, --classify             append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
      --file-type            likewise, except do not append '*'
      --format=WORD          across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
                               single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
      --full-time            like -l --time-style=full-iso
  -g                         like -l, but do not list owner
      --group-directories-first
                             group directories before files;
                               can be augmented with a --sort option, but any
                               use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
  -G, --no-group             in a long listing, don't print group names
  -h, --human-readable       with -l and -s, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.
      --si                   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
  -H, --dereference-command-line
                             follow symbolic links listed on the command line
      --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
                             follow each command line symbolic link
                               that points to a directory
      --hide=PATTERN         do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
                               (overridden by -a or -A)
      --hyperlink[=WHEN]     hyperlink file names; WHEN can be 'always'
                               (default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'
      --indicator-style=WORD  append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
                               none (default), slash (-p),
                               file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
  -i, --inode                print the index number of each file
  -I, --ignore=PATTERN       do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
  -k, --kibibytes            default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage;
                               used only with -s and per directory totals
  -l                         use a long listing format
  -L, --dereference          when showing file information for a symbolic
                               link, show information for the file the link
                               references rather than for the link itself
  -m                         fill width with a comma separated list of entries
  -n, --numeric-uid-gid      like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
  -N, --literal              print entry names without quoting
  -o                         like -l, but do not list group information
  -p, --indicator-style=slash
                             append / indicator to directories
  -q, --hide-control-chars   print ? instead of nongraphic characters
      --show-control-chars   show nongraphic characters as-is (the default,
                               unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
  -Q, --quote-name           enclose entry names in double quotes
      --quoting-style=WORD   use quoting style WORD for entry names:
                               literal, locale, shell, shell-always,
                               shell-escape, shell-escape-always, c, escape
                               (overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)
  -r, --reverse              reverse order while sorting
  -R, --recursive            list subdirectories recursively
  -s, --size                 print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
  -S                         sort by file size, largest first
      --sort=WORD            sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S),
                               time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X)
      --time=WORD            with -l, show time as WORD instead of default
                               modification time: atime or access or use (-u);
                               ctime or status (-c); also use specified time
                               as sort key if --sort=time (newest first)
      --time-style=TIME_STYLE  time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below
  -t                         sort by modification time, newest first
  -T, --tabsize=COLS         assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
  -u                         with -lt: sort by, and show, access time;
                               with -l: show access time and sort by name;
                               otherwise: sort by access time, newest first
  -U                         do not sort; list entries in directory order
  -v                         natural sort of (version) numbers within text
  -w, --width=COLS           set output width to COLS.  0 means no limit
  -x                         list entries by lines instead of by columns
  -X                         sort alphabetically by entry extension
  -Z, --context              print any security context of each file
  -1                         list one file per line.  Avoid '\n' with -q or -b
      --help     display this help and exit
      --version  output version information and exit

The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024).
Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).

The TIME_STYLE argument can be full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT.
FORMAT is interpreted like in date(1).  If FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2,
then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files.
TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix-' takes effect only outside the POSIX locale.
Also the TIME_STYLE environment variable sets the default style to use.

Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
with --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when
standard output is connected to a terminal.  The LS_COLORS environment
variable can change the settings.  Use the dircolors command to set it.

Exit status:
 0  if OK,
 1  if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
 2  if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).

 

ls

ls ๋ช…๋ น์–ด๋งŒ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ directory์˜ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

ls directory

ls ๋ช…๋ น์–ด ๋’ค์— ํŠน์ • directory๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ž…๋ ฅํ•œ directory์˜ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

ls -a(all) 

linux ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” .(dot)์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์ผ๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ถ€ ์ˆจ๊น€ ํŒŒ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ls ๋ช…๋ น์–ด๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆจ๊น€ ํŒŒ์ผ์€ ์ œ์™ธ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, -a (all) ์˜ต์…˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ˆจ๊น€ ํŒŒ์ผ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

ls -l(long)

-l ์˜ต์…˜์€ long์˜ ์•ฝ์ž๋กœ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„ ์™ธ์— ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ต์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (type, permission, link, size, owner)

 

ls -R(recursive)

-R์€ recursive์˜ ์•ฝ์ž๋กœ์จ ls๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์ค‘ directory๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•ด๋‹น directory์˜ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ต์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

ls -d

-d๋Š” directory์˜ ์•ฝ์ž๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ls ๋ช…๋ น์–ด์— directory๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉด directory์˜ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, -d ์˜ต์…˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด directory ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ls test ๋ช…๋ น์–ด๋Š” test directory์˜ ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ls -d test๋Š” test directory ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

ls -h

-h๋Š” human-readable์˜ ์•ฝ์ž๋กœ์จ -l ์˜ต์…˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, -l ์˜ต์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด ์ค‘ size ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ถœ๋ ฅํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

 

ls -1

ls ๋ช…๋ น์–ด๋Š” ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก๋“ค์ด ์ผ์ • ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, -1 ์˜ต์…˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํŒŒ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ํ•œ์ค„ ์”ฉ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

 

๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์ •๋ ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์˜ต์…˜๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ตณ์ด ์‹ค์Šต๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ด๋ณด์ง„ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ์ฝ์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ถ”์ฒœ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

๋Œ“๊ธ€