๐ก์ด๋ฒ ํฌ์คํ ์์๋ linux์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ช ๋ น์ด ์ค ํ๋์ธ ls์ ๋ํด์ ์ ๋ฆฌํด ๋ณด๋๋ก ํ๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค.
ls๋ LiSt์ ์ฝ์๋ก directory์ ํ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์ถ๋ ฅํด ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ํ์ฌ directory์ ํ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์ถ๋ ฅํฉ๋๋ค.
์ ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํด ์๋ ์ต์ ์ธ์๋ ๋๋ฌด ๋ง์ ์ต์ ๋ค์ด ์์ด์ ์กฐ๊ธ ๋นํฉํ๋๋ฐ, ์ ๋ถ ๋ค ์์๋ณด์ง ์๊ณ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์์ฃผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ์ต์ ๋ค์ ๋ํด์๋ง ์ ๋ฆฌํด ๋ณด๋๋ก ํ๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค.
user@ubuntu:~/test$ ls --help
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE with -l, scale sizes by SIZE when printing them;
e.g., '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below
-B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last
modification of file status information);
with -l: show ctime and sort by name;
otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN] colorize the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default
if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'; more info below
-d, --directory list directories themselves, not their contents
-D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
--file-type likewise, except do not append '*'
--format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,
single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first
group directories before files;
can be augmented with a --sort option, but any
use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
-G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names
-h, --human-readable with -l and -s, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
--hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
(overridden by -a or -A)
--hyperlink[=WHEN] hyperlink file names; WHEN can be 'always'
(default if omitted), 'auto', or 'never'
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (-p),
file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k, --kibibytes default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage;
used only with -s and per directory totals
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic
link, show information for the file the link
references rather than for the link itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal print entry names without quoting
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of nongraphic characters
--show-control-chars show nongraphic characters as-is (the default,
unless program is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names:
literal, locale, shell, shell-always,
shell-escape, shell-escape-always, c, escape
(overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)
-r, --reverse reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size, largest first
--sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S),
time (-t), version (-v), extension (-X)
--time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of default
modification time: atime or access or use (-u);
ctime or status (-c); also use specified time
as sort key if --sort=time (newest first)
--time-style=TIME_STYLE time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below
-t sort by modification time, newest first
-T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time;
with -l: show access time and sort by name;
otherwise: sort by access time, newest first
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text
-w, --width=COLS set output width to COLS. 0 means no limit
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-Z, --context print any security context of each file
-1 list one file per line. Avoid '\n' with -q or -b
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
The SIZE argument is an integer and optional unit (example: 10K is 10*1024).
Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y (powers of 1024) or KB,MB,... (powers of 1000).
The TIME_STYLE argument can be full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, or +FORMAT.
FORMAT is interpreted like in date(1). If FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2,
then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files.
TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix-' takes effect only outside the POSIX locale.
Also the TIME_STYLE environment variable sets the default style to use.
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when
standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment
variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.
Exit status:
0 if OK,
1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
ls
ls ๋ช ๋ น์ด๋ง ์ ๋ ฅํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ directory์ ํ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์ถ๋ ฅํ๊ฒ ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
ls directory
ls ๋ช ๋ น์ด ๋ค์ ํน์ directory๋ฅผ ์ ๋ ฅํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด ์ ๋ ฅํ directory์ ํ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์ถ๋ ฅํ๊ฒ ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
ls -a(all)
linux ํ๊ฒฝ์์๋ .(dot)์ผ๋ก ์์ํ๋ ํ์ผ๋ค์ ์ ๋ถ ์จ๊น ํ์ผ์ ๋๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ ls ๋ช ๋ น์ด๋ก ์ถ๋ ฅ๋๋ ํ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์์๋ ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ด ์จ๊น ํ์ผ์ ์ ์ธ๋๋๋ฐ, -a (all) ์ต์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด ์จ๊น ํ์ผ๋ ํจ๊ป ์ถ๋ ฅํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
ls -l(long)
-l ์ต์ ์ long์ ์ฝ์๋ก ํ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์ด๋ฆ ์ธ์ ์์ธํ ์ ๋ณด๋ค์ ํจ๊ป ์ถ๋ ฅํ๋ ์ต์ ์ ๋๋ค. (type, permission, link, size, owner)
ls -R(recursive)
-R์ recursive์ ์ฝ์๋ก์จ ls๋ก ์ถ๋ ฅ๋๋ ํ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก ์ค directory๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํด๋น directory์ ํ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก๋ ๊ฐ์ด ์ถ๋ ฅํ๋ ์ต์ ์ ๋๋ค.
ls -d
-d๋ directory์ ์ฝ์๋ก์จ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ls ๋ช ๋ น์ด์ directory๋ฅผ ์ ๋ ฅํ๋ฉด directory์ ํ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ์ถ๋ ฅ๋๋๋ฐ, -d ์ต์ ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด directory ์์ฒด์ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ ฅํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
ls test ๋ช ๋ น์ด๋ test directory์ ํ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์ถ๋ ฅํ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ls -d test๋ test directory ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ ฅํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
ls -h
-h๋ human-readable์ ์ฝ์๋ก์จ -l ์ต์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋๋ฐ, -l ์ต์ ์ ํตํด ์ถ๋ ฅ๋๋ ์ ๋ณด ์ค size ํญ๋ชฉ์ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ด ํํ๋ก ์ถ๋ ฅํด ์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํฉ๋๋ค.
ls -1
ls ๋ช ๋ น์ด๋ ํ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก๋ค์ด ์ผ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ๋๊ณ ์ถ๋ ฅ์ด ๋๋๋ฐ, -1 ์ต์ ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฉด ํ์ผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ํ์ค ์ฉ ์ถ๋ ฅ๋๊ฒ ํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค.
๋๋จธ์ง๋ ์ ๋ ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ต์ ๋ค์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ตณ์ด ์ค์ต๊น์ง ํด๋ณด์ง ์๊ณ ํ๋ฒ์ฉ ์ฝ์ด๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ถ์ฒ๋๋ฆฝ๋๋ค.
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